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The Yugoslav Wars were ethnic conflicts fought from 1991 to 2001 inside the territory of the former Yugoslavia. These wars accompanied and/or facilitated the breakup of the country, when its constituent republics declared independence, but the issues of ethnic minorities in the new countries (chiefly Serbs in central parts and Albanians in the southeast) were still unresolved at the time the republics were recognized internationally. The wars are generally considered to be a series of separate but related military conflicts which occurred in, and affected, most of the former Yugoslav republics:〔Finlan (2004), p. 8〕〔Naimark (2003), p. xvii.〕 *War in Slovenia (1991) *Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) *Bosnian War (1992–1995) *Kosovo War (1998–1999), including the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia *Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) *Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001) The wars mostly resulted in peace accords, involving full international recognition of new states, but with massive economic damage to the region. Initially the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) sought to preserve the unity of the whole of Yugoslavia by crushing the secessionist governments; however the JNA increasingly came under the influence of the Serbian government of Slobodan Milošević that evoked Serbian nationalist rhetoric and was willing to support the Yugoslav state insofar as using it to preserve the unity of Serbs in one state; as a result the JNA began to lose Slovenes, Croats, Kosovar Albanians, Bosniaks, and ethnic Macedonians, and effectively became a Serb army.〔.〕 According to the 1994 United Nations report, the Serb side did not aim to restore Yugoslavia, but to create a "Greater Serbia" from parts of Croatia and Bosnia.〔Annex IV – II. The politics of creating a Greater Serbia: nationalism, fear and repression〕 Often described as Europe's deadliest conflict since World War II, the conflicts have become infamous for the war crimes involved, including ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity and rape. These were the first conflicts since World War II to be formally judged genocidal in character and many key individual participants were subsequently charged with war crimes.〔.〕 The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established by the UN to prosecute these crimes. According to the International Center for Transitional Justice, the Yugoslav Wars resulted in the deaths of 140,000 people. The Humanitarian Law Center estimates that in the conflicts in former Yugoslav republics at least 130,000 people lost their lives. ==Terminology== The war(s) have alternatively been called: *"Wars in the Balkans" (although the war only affected the Western Balkans and areas often seen as belonging to Central Europe) *"Wars/conflicts in the former Yugoslavia".〔 *"Wars of Yugoslav Secession/Succession". *"Third Balkan War": a term suggested by British journalist Misha Glenny in the title of his book, alluding to the two previous Balkan Wars fought 1912–13.〔Glenny (1996), p. 250〕 In fact, this term has been applied by some contemporary historians to World War I, seeing it as a direct sequel of the 1912–13 Balkan wars.〔Bideleux & Jeffries (2007), p. 429〕 *"Yugoslavia Civil War"/"Yugoslav Civil War"/"Yugoslavian Civil War"/"Civil War in Yugoslavia".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=("yugoslav civil war")-("yugoslavian civil war")-("yugoslavia civil war")-("civil war in yugoslavia") )〕〔(Google scholar ), accessed 13 May 2015.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「yugoslav wars」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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